230201 'BNAX' http://farbe.li.tu-berlin.de/BEA_I.HTM or
http://color.li.tu-berlin.de/BEA_I.HTM.
For links to the chapter A
Colour Image Technology and Colour Management (2019), see
Content list of chapter A:
AEA_I in English or
AGA_I in German.
Summary of chapter A:
AEA_S in English or
AGA_S in German.
Example content part AEAI of some available parts AEAI to AEZI:
AEAI in English or
AGAI in German.
Example images part AEAS of all 26 parts AEAS to AEZS:
AEAS in English or
AGAS in German.
For links to the chapter B
Colour Vision and Colorimetry (2020), see
Content list of chapter B:
BEA_I in English or
BGA_I in German.
Summary of chapter B:
BEA_S in English or
BGA_S in German.
Example content part BEAI of some available parts BEAI to BEZI:
BEAI in English or
BGAI in German.
Example images part BEAS of all 26 parts BEAS to BEZS:
BEAS in English or
BGAS in German.
For links to the chapter C
Colour Spaces, Colour Differences, and Line Elements (2021), see
Content list of chapter C:
CEA_I in English or
CGA_I in German.
Summary of chapter C:
CEA_S in English or
CGA_S in German.
Example content part CEAI of some available parts CEAI to CEZI:
CEAI in English or
CGAI in German.
Example images part CEAS of all 26 parts CEAS to CEZS:
CEAS in English or
CGAS in German.
For links to the chapter D
Colour Appearance, Elementary Colours, and Metrics (2022), see
Content list of chapter D:
DEA_I in English or
DGA_I in German.
Summary of chapter D:
DEA_S in English or
DGA_S in German.
Example content part DEAI of some available parts DEAI to DEZI:
DEAI in English or
DGAI in German.
Example images part DEAS of all 26 parts DEAS to DEZS:
DEAS in English or
DGAS in German.
For links to the chapter E
Colour Metrics, Differences, and Appearance (2023),
under work, see
Content list of chapter E:
EEA_I in English or
EGA_I in German.
Summary of chapter E:
EEA_S in English or
EGA_S in German.
Example content part EEAI of some available parts EEAI to EEZI:
EEAI in English or
EGAI in German.
Example images part EEAS of all 26 parts EEAS to EEZS:
EEAS in English or
EGAS in German.
Project title: Colour and colour vision with Ostwald, device, and elementary colours -
Antagonistic colour-vision model TUBJND and properties for many applications
Chapter B: Colour Vision and Colorimetry (2020),
Main part BEA_I
Each chapter includes main parts (I) with information to an image part (S).
There are 26 image parts (S), each with 10 figure pages.
The 10 figure pages (0 to 9) include up to 16 figures,
and each figure with up to six formats.
Structure, content, and order of files and figures on the example chapter
Colour Vision and Colorimetry
Figure 1 shows the structure of the web site BE(A..Z)I.HTM und BE(A..Z)S.HTM.
For the download of this figure in the VG-PDF format, see
AEX00-5N.PDF.
Structure, content, and order of files and figures on the web site
http://farbe.li.tu-berlin.de.
Figure 2 shows the structure, the content, and the order of files and figures on the web site
http://farbe.li.tu-berlin.de.
For the download of this figure in the VG-PDF format, see
AEX0L0N1.
List of links to the contents of all image parts
Image part BEAS
in English or BGAS in German.
Title: Antagonistic colour vision model and applications;
Mixture of spectral colours to optimal colours of Ostwald;
Six chromatic mixture colours as optimal and device colours;
Application chromatic adaptation;
Application adaptation to the visual luminance range
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Antagonistic colour vision model and applications.
3. Model for chromatic adaptation.
4. Model for adaptation to the visual luminance range
beteem white W and black N for the contrast steps
C=2:1, 4:1, 36:1 to 288:1, and seven further steps.
5. Antagonistic colorimetry: linear, logarithmic, or?
for further information and discussion,
see BEAI.
go to the image part BEAS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEBS
in English or BGBS in German.
Title: Eight Planck and Daylight illuminants Pxx and Dxx;
for the calculation of the Ostwald-optimal colours;
complementary optimal colours with antagonistic tristimulues values
X, Y, Z, and Xw-X, Yw-Y, Zw-Z
in the CIE chromaticity diagram (x, y), and other
colorimetric diagrams for the CIE standard illuminants D65 and A
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Relative sprectral radiation of the 8 illuminants Pxx and Dxx.
3. Wavelength ranges of the Ostwald colours for 16 illuminants.
4. Calculations of tristimulues values
X, Y, Z, and Xw-X, Yw-Y, Zw-Z, as well as
wavelength limits, dominant and complementary wavelength.
5. Alternative starting wavelength limits compared to the
preferred limits.
6. Equal chromatic values for the antagonistic colour pairs
R-C, Y-B und G-M
in the chromatic value diagram (A2, B2),
and comparison with CIELAB chroma.
go to the image part BEBS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BECS
in English or BGCS in German.
Title: Ostwald-optimal colours for the CIE-02-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for complementary optimal colours of antagonistic tristimulues values
X, Y, Z, and
Xw-X, Yw-Y, Zw-Z in the CIE chromaticity diagram
(x, y);
for four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Location of complementary Ostwald-optimal colours
in the CIE (x, y) chromaticity diagram.
2. Approximately equal chromatic values CAB2 for all
Ostwald-optimal colours.
3. Decreasing of chromaticity difference between colour and white
for any of the four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
4. Change of the triangle location in (x, y) to a circular location
in the chromatic value diagrams (A2, B2)
for any of the four contrast steps C and discussion.
go to the image part BECS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEDS
in English or BGDS in German.
Title: Ostwald-optimal colours for the CIE-10-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for complementary optimal colours of antagonistic tristimulues values
X10, Y10, Z10, and
Xw10-X10, Yw10-Y10, Zw10-Z10 in the CIE chromaticity diagram
(x10, y10);
for four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Location of complementary Ostwald-optimal colours
in the CIE (x10, y10) chromaticity diagram.
2. Approximately equal chromatic values CAB2,10 for all
Ostwald-optimal colours.
3. Decreasing of chromaticity difference between colour and white
for any of the four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
4. Change of the triangle location in (x10, y10) to a circular
location
in the chromatic value diagrams (A2,10, B2,10)
for any of the four contrast steps C and discussion.
go to the image part BEDS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEES
in English or BGES in German.
Title: Antagonistic model of colour vision for Ostwald colours;
Additive mixture of spectral colours to Ostwald optimal colours
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Additive spectral colour mixture with a colour integrator
to the Ostwald-optimal colours.
3. Antagonistic model of colour vision; mixture to grey for D65.
4. Additive colour mixture for four display devices sRGB, WCGa,
Offs, and Ostw.
5. Normalized reflections R/0,5 or log[R/0,2] and relations
to the lightness and to antagonistic visual signals.
go to the image part BEES
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEFS
in English or BGFS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-2-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for two complementary hue planes in diagrams (CAB2, Y);
for chromatic values CAB and tristimulus values Y
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Approximately equal chromatic value CAB2 in any hue plane.
3. Equal decreasing of chromatic values CAB2
for each of the four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
4. Reason of Y-transfer
for four contrast steps C and discussion.
go to the image part BEFS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEGS
in English or BGGS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-10-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for two complementary hue planes in diagrams (CAB2, Y);
for chromatic values CAB and tristimulus values Y
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Approximately equal chromatic value CAB2 in any hue plane.
3. Equal decreasing of chromatic values CAB2
for each if the four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
4. Reason of Y-transfer
for four contrast steps C and discussion.
go to the image part BEGS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEHS
in English or BGHS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-2-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for 3 complementary colour pairs R-C, Y-B, and G-M;
in chromatic value diagrams (A1, B1) and (A2, B2)
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Equal chromatic values in diagrams (A1, B1) and (A2, B2);
3. Equal chromatic values for three complementary
colour pairs R-C, Y-B and G-M;
4. Equal change of chromatic values
for any of 4 contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
go to the image part BEHS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEIS
in English or BGIS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-10-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for 3 complementary colour pairs R-C, Y-B, and G-M;
in chromatic value diagrams (A1, B1) and (A2, B2)
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Equal chromatic values in diagrams (A1, B1) and (A2, B2);
3. Equal chromatic values for three complementary
colour pairs R-C, Y-B and G-M;
4. Equal change of chromatic values
for any of 4 contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
go to the image part BEIS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEJS
in English or BGJS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-2-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for two complementary hue planes in diagrams (CAB, Y);
for chromatic values CAB and tristimulus values Y;
diffferent Y-tranfers and Y-scales
for four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Approximately equal chromatic value CAB in any hue plane.
3. Equal decreasing of chromatic values CAB
for each of the four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
4. Reason of the different Y-transfers and Y-scales
for the four contrast steps C and discussion.
go to the image part BEJS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEKS
in English or BGKS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-10-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for two complementary hue planes in diagrams (CAB, Y);
for chromatic values CAB and tristimulus values Y;
diffferent Y-tranfers and Y-scales
for four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Approximately equal chromatic value CAB in any hue plane.
3. Equal decreasing of chromatic values CAB
for each if the four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
4. Reason of different Y-transfers and Y-scales
for the four contrast steps C and discussion.
go to the image part BEKS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BELS
in English or BGLS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-2-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for 3 complementary colour pairs R-C, Y-B, and G-M;
in chromatic value diagrams (A, B) and (A1, B1)
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Equal chromatic values in diagrams (A, B) and (A1, B1);
3. Equal chromatic values for three complementary
colour pairs R-C, Y-B and G-M;
4. Equal change of chromatic values
for any of 4 contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
go to the image part BELS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEMS
in English or BGMS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-10-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for 3 complementary colour pairs R-C, Y-B, and G-M;
in chromatic value diagrams (A, B) and (A1, B1)
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Equal chromatic values in diagrams (A, B) and (A1, B1);
3. Equal chromatic values for three complementary
colour pairs R-C, Y-B and G-M;
4. Equal change of chromatic values
for any of 4 contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
go to the image part BEMS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BENS
in English or BGNS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-2-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for two complementary hue planes in diagrams (CAB2, Y);
for chromatic values CAB and tristimulus values Y
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Approximately equal chromatic value CAB2 in any hue plane.
3. Equal decreasing of chromatic values CAB2
for each of the four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
4. Reason of Y-transfer
for four contrast steps C and discussion.
go to the image part BENS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEOS
in English or BGOS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-10-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for two complementary hue planes in diagrams (CAB2, Y);
for chromatic values CAB and tristimulus values Y
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Approximately equal chromatic value CAB2 in any hue plane.
3. Equal decreasing of chromatic values CAB2
for each if the four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
4. Reason of Y-transfer
for four contrast steps C and discussion.
go to the image part BEOS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEPS
in English or BGPS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-2-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for two complementary hue planes in diagrams (CAB2, Y);
for chromatic values CAB and tristimulus values Y
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Approximately equal chromatic value CAB2 in any hue plane.
3. Equal decreasing of chromatic values CAB2
for each of the four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
4. Reason of Y-transfer
for four contrast steps C and discussion.
go to the image part BEPS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEQS
in English or BGQS in German.
Title: Ostwald optimal colours for the CIE-10-degree observer;
for 8 Planck-illuminants Pxx,
and for 8 daylight illuminants Dxx;
for two complementary hue planes in diagrams (CAB2, Y);
for chromatic values CAB and tristimulus values Y
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Approximately equal chromatic value CAB2 in any hue plane.
3. Equal decreasing of chromatic values CAB2
for each if the four contrast steps C=25:1, 10:1, 4:1, and 2:1.
4. Reason of Y-transfer
for four contrast steps C and discussion.
go to the image part BEQS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BERS
in English or BGRS in German.
Title: Just noticeable colour differences (JNDs) of Ostwald colours;
Hue circles and hue planes of Ostwald colours for 2 contrasts
C>288:1 and 2:1
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Just noticeable colour differences (JNDs) of Ostwald colours.
3. Equal JNDs for all antagonistic (complementary) optimal colours
according to Holtsmark and Valberg.
4. Hue circles and hue planes of Ostwald colours
for 8 CIE illuminants and 2 contrasts C>288:1 and 2:1.
5. Relation of the Holtsmark results to the colorimetric line
elements of Schroedinger und Stiles.
go to the image part BERS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BESS
in English or BGSS in German.
Title: Viewing situation of adjacent and separate colours;
Antagonistic colour attributes and scaling of
N*, I*, W*, T*, C*, and A*
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Viewing situation of adjacent and separate colours.
3. Colour attributes Blackness N*, whiteness W*,
Chromaticness C*,
and the antagonistic attributes I*, T*, and A*.
4. Antagonistic optimal colours of a colour half.
5. Colour vectors of the antagonistic colour vision model and relation with
linear colour values, and linear and nonlinear colour attributes.
go to the image part BESS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BETS
in English or BGTS in German.
Title: Colour line elements for adjacent and separate colours;
Colour difference formulae CIELAB and IECsRGB for scaling,
and LABJNDx and IECsRGBJND for thresholds
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Viewing situation of adjacent and separate colours.
3. Colour-difference formulae for scaling and threshold.
4. CIELAB for separated colours and LABJND for adjacent colours.
5. Differences of colour line elements for scaling and thresholds.
go to the image part BETS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEUS
in English or BGUS in German.
Title: Ostwald, sRGB and WCGa colours in chromaticity
and in chromatic value diagram;
line elements and derivations of achromatic colours
for scaling and thresholds
1. Introduction and goals.
2. Ostwald, sRGB, and WCGa colours in the chromaticity diagram
(x, y), and in the chromatic value diagram (A2, B2).
3. Simplified colour-difference formulae for scaling and thresholds.
4. Colour difference formulae CIELAB and IECsRGB for scaling,
and LABJNDx and IECsRGBJND for thresholds.
5. Line elements and derivations of achromatic colours
for scaling and thresholds.
go to the image part BEUS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEVS
in English or BGVS in German.
Title: Colour thresholds and line elements in 10 colour spaces
IECsRGBu0 to 9 with additional function data
1. Introduction and goals;
2. Modifications IECsRGBu0 to 9 of the colour space IECsRGB,
similar to CIELAB;
3. Corresponding line elements for the experimental contrast
Y/(delta Y);
4. Absolute lightness L* (CIE 15) and T*
(IEC 61066-2-1 (sRGB))
and relative lightness l* and t*;
5. Logarithmic and linear figures for L*, T*, l* and t*;
6. Logarithmic figures for threshold delta Y, sensitivity
(delta Y)/Y, and contrast Y/(delta Y);
7. Parameters of the formula T*=Sn(Y/Yu)^(1/g)-Sd
with Yu=18,
for exaample Sn=50, 1/g=1/2,4, Sd=0.
go to the image part BEVS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEWS
in English or BGWS in German.
Title: Colour thresholds and line elements in 10 colour spaces
IECsRGBu0 to 9
1. Introduction and goals;
2. Modifications IECsRGBu0 to 9 of the colour space IECsRGB
similar to CIELAB;
3. Corresponding line elements for the experimental contrast
Y/(delta Y);
4. Absolute lightness L* (CIE 15) and T*
(IEC 61066-2-1 (sRGB))
and relative lightness l* and t*;
5. Logarithmic and linear figures for L*, T*, l* and t*;
6. Logarithmic figures for threshold delta Y, sensitivity
(delta Y)/Y, and contrast Y/(delta Y);
7. Parameters of the formula T*=Sn(Y/Yu)^(1/g)-Sd
with Yu=18,
for exaample Sn=50, 1/g=1/2,4, Sd=0.
go to the image part BEWS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEXS
in English or BGXS in German.
Title: Colour thresholds and line elements in 10 colour spaces
CIELABu0 to 9 with additional function data
1. Introduction and goals;
2. Modifications CIELABu0 to 9 of the colour space CIELAB;
3. Corresponding line elements for the experimental contrast
Y/(delta Y);
4. Absolute lightness L* (CIE 15) and T*
(ISO/CIE 11664-4 (CIELAB))
and relative lightness l* and t*;
5. Logarithmic and linear figures for L*, T*, l* and t*;
6. Logarithmic figures for threshold delta Y, sensitivity
(delta Y)/Y, and contrast Y/(delta Y);
7. Parameters of the formula T*=Sn(Y/Yu)^(1/g)-Sd
with Yu=18,
for exaample Sn=66, 1/g=1/3,0, Sd=16.
go to the image part BEXS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEYS
in English or BGYS in German.
Title: Colour thresholds and line elements in 10 colour spaces
CIELABu0 to 9
1. Introduction and goals;
2. Modifications CIELABu0 to 9 of the colour space CIELAB;
3. Corresponding line elements for the experimental contrast
Y/(delta Y);
4. Absolute lightness L* (CIE 15) and T*
(ISO/CIE 11664-4 (CIELAB))
and relative lightness l* and t*;
5. Logarithmic and linear figures for L*, T*, l* and t*;
6. Logarithmic figures for threshold delta Y, sensitivity
(delta Y)/Y, and contrast Y/(delta Y);
7. Parameters of the formula T*=Sn(Y/Yu)^(1/g)-Sd
with Yu=18,
for exaample Sn=66, 1/g=1/3,0, Sd=16.
go to the image part BEYS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
Image part BEZS
in English or BGZS in German.
Title: Colour thresholds and line elements in 10 colour spaces
CIELABn0 to 9 with additional function data
1. Introduction and goals;
2. Modifications CIELABn0 to 9 of the colour space CIELAB;
3. Corresponding line elements for the experimental contrast
Y/(delta Y);
4. Absolute lightness L* (CIE 15) and T*
(ISO/CIE 11664-4 (CIELAB))
and relative lightness l* and t*;
5. Logarithmic and linear figures for L*, T*, l* and t*;
6. Logarithmic figures for threshold delta Y, sensitivity
(delta Y)/Y, and contrast Y/(delta Y);
7. Parameters of the formula T*=Sn(Y/Yn)^(1/g)-Sd
with Yn=100,
for example Sn=116, 1/g=1/3,0, Sd=16.
go to the image part BEZS
to study the 10 image pages and the content.
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For the start TUB web site (not archive), see
index.html in English,
indexDE.html in German.
For the archive information (2000-2009) of the BAM server
"www.ps.bam.de" (2000-2018)
about colour test charts, colorimetric calculations,
standards, and publications, see
indexAE.html in English,
indexAG.html in German.